ACT Reading Practice Test 48
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NATURAL SCIENCE: This passage discusses a disease that is detrimental to certain trees in North America.
One of the greatest concerns of landscapers is tree disease. Ash trees are among the most common trees in North America, and they are also very susceptible to disease and decline.
Line 5 One cause of decline in ash trees is ash yellows. This disease infects mainly white and green ash in the Northern United States. Ash yellows is caused by a phytoplasma: virus-like pathogens that are spread by insects. Ash yellows leads to a gradual decline
10 in tree health for about two to ten years before the tree dies. Some common symptoms include short internodes and tufting of foliage at branch ends, pale green or pale yellow leaves, defoliation, and a sparse canopy. Cankers may also form on the branches and trunk.
15 Unsightly “witches’ broom” sprouts might appear on the branches, but it is more common for them to appear on the trunk. The trunk may also develop cracks if the tree is infected with ash yellows. Rarely does an ash tree recover from ash yellows. Experts guess that this
20 disease is more common than most homeowners realize because witches’ brooms and yellowing are not always visible on the infected trees. Sometimes cankers and cracks are the only signs of the disease. The term ash decline is used to refer to a tree with
25 more than one condition. Ash decline may involve the ash yellows disease or another problem called verticillium wilt. Ash decline is often used to describe any decline in health that is unexplainable. Ash decline involves branch tip death, defoliation, and a slow
30 decline over a number of years. Trees with ash decline may appear to recover in the spring and decline again in July and August. Verticillium wilt on ash can also result in cankers and dieback similar to ash yellows. Trying to diagnose
35 a tree is difficult because symptoms could be caused by a variety of problems. Sick ash trees may suffer from verticillium wilt, ash yellows, environmental stress, or a combination of these ailments. Ash yellows has been a known disease in the
40 United States since the 1930s. However, the disease was not distinguished from general ash decline involving environmental factors until the 1980s. In the last eighty years, North America has seen a significant decline in some of its ash trees.
45 No single factor has been proven to cause ash decline. Ash yellows and environmental factors may work together to create ash decline. Studies show that ash yellows is often detected where environmental factors like water shortage or insect damage are present.
50 A survey of several Midwestern states found that some ash decline was found to be independent of ash yellows. The droughts in the 1980s may have caused the decline of ash trees in the Midwest. Cold winter temperatures may also play a role in decline.
55 Ash trees are important in the ecology of North American forests. The decline of these trees may have a severe impact on the health of other plant and animal communities. Green ash provides nesting sites for several species of birds and other wild creatures. Insects
60 and fish flourish in the cool waters made possible by the shade of ash trees. Green and white ash are also very popular in landscaping. Their decline could result in reduced property values. Ash trees also represent a valuable hardwood
65 resource. An estimated 275 million feet of ash lumber is harvested annually. In the Northeastern United States, about 33 percent of the commercial forest area includes ash trees. There are no known cures for the diseases
70 mentioned. Experts recommend removing very sick trees while keeping healthy trees well watered and fertilized. Dead limbs should also be removed to maintain the health of ash trees.
According to the passage, many scientists feel that most ash decline is likely caused:
almost exclusively by ash yellows.
by a combination of disease and environmental factors.
by improper watering and fertilization by homeowners.
by a combination of ash yellows and verticillium wilt only.
The passage likens verticillium wilt to ash yellows in that:
both diseases share the symptoms of cankers and dieback.
verticillium is likely to be a cause of ash yellows in white and green ash trees.
poor watering and fertilization techniques can cause verticillium wilt and ash yellows.
verticillium wilt and ash yellows were discovered around the same time period and kill a similar number of trees.
The difficulty in diagnosing disease in an ash tree is due to all of the following EXCEPT:
similar diseases that have similar symptoms.
some ash trees in decline may be unhealthy due to environmental conditions rather than diseases.
more than one factor could be contributing to an ash tree’s decline.
sick ash trees are difficult to test because they decline so rapidly.
The passage states that ash yellows is caused by:
insufficient water.
virus-like pathogens.
insects that eat or destroy the leaves of the ash trees.
cankers, witches’ broom, and cracking in the tree trunk.
According to the passage, the author believes that:
landscapers should never use ash trees in landscaping designs.
ash trees are the most important tree in North America.
ash trees are important because they can provide a home for some wildlife.
ash trees are essential to ecosystems because they lock in heat from the sun to warm shady forests.
According to the passage, which of the following is an argument for NOT blaming ash decline solely on ash yellows?
Most ash decline is caused by verticillium wilt, not ash yellows.
A study cited in the passage proves that only environmental factors have impacted ash decline in recent years.
A study mentioned in the passage shows that drought and weather may contribute to ash decline.
verticillium wilt, ash yellows, and environmental conditions all contribute to ash decline equally.
As it is used in line 60, the word flourish most nearly means:
decorate.
prosper.
decline.
swim.
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
It is important for research to continue into a cure for ash yellows.
Ash yellows is not worthy of continued scientific research.
All ash trees in North America will need to be destroyed to stop the spread of disease.
Ash trees are not significant to the good health of plant and animal communities.
According to the passage, what is NOT a characteristic of the disease ash yellows?
The pathogens that cause the disease are spread by insects.
It causes a gradual decline in the tree’s health.
Its symptoms include a sparse canopy and defoliation.
It turns the leaves of ash trees bright yellow.
Which of the following are accurate statements about ash trees, according to the passage?I. Ash trees with ash yellows disease are easily cured.II. Ash trees infected with ash yellows usually die after having the disease for two to ten years.III. Ash trees infected with ash yellows do not usually recover.IV. Ash trees infected with ash yellows sometimes appear to recover in the spring.
I, II, III, IV
II and III only
I and IV only
II, III, and IV only
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